Instruments

AI Literacy Instruments

As part of our research, we are curating an AI Literacy Instrument Repository that serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking information about existing instruments to inform their work. Our goal is to facilitate evidence-based research, practice, and policy development in the growing field of AI literacy.

All listed instruments have been published in peer-reviewed articles.

If you have an instrument that you would like to submit to the repository, please email lwinfield@edc.org.

Name	Authors	Year	Audience	# Items	Assessment Type	Item Format	Languages	Sub-constructs	Measurement Quality
AI Literacy (AIL)	Baichang Zhong Xiaofan Liu	2025	High School Students Middle School Students	56	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	AI knowledge AI affectivity AI thinking	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Assessment (Ding et al.) Download Instrument ⤓	Lu Ding Sohee Kim R. Allan Allday	2024	Pre-Service Teachers Teachers	25	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice Sorting True / False	English	Organized into 5 “facets:” 1) understanding AI’s nature, 2) recognizing AI’s capabilities, 3) grasping AI’s underlying mechanisms, 4) discerning appropriate AI utilization, and 5) comprehending public perceptions of AI.	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Not Reported
AI Literacy Assessment Tool (AI4KGA)	Jiahong Su	2024	Elementary School Students	16	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice	Cantonese	Technical understanding Critical appraisal Practical application	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Concept Inventory Assessment (AI-CI)	Helen Zhang Anthony Perry Irene Lee	2025	Middle School Students	20	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice	English	All competencies under one factor: recognizing AI understanding intelligence understanding knowledge representation building decision trees understanding decision-making recognizing generative AI recognizing supervised learning understanding ML processes understanding AI learns from data recognizing potential bias of AI	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy for Pre-Service Teachers (Ayanwale et al.) Download Instrument ⤓	Musa Adekunle Ayanwale Owolabi Paul Adelana Rethabile Rosemary Molefi Olalekan Adeeko Adebayo Monsur Ishola	2024	Pre-Service Teachers	25	Self-Report	Not Reported	English	Use & apply AI Know & understand AI Detect AI AI ethics AI self-efficacy (problem solving) AI self-competency (persuasion literacy, emotion regulation)	Content Validity: Not Reported Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Not Reported
AI Literacy for Primary and Middle School Teachers (Zhao et al.)	Leilei Zhao Xiaofan Wu Heng Luo	2021	High School Students Middle School Students	20	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	Knowing and understanding AI Applying AI Evaluating AI application AI ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Questionnaire (AILQ)	Davy Tsz Kit Ng Wenjie Wu Jac Ka Lok Leung Thomas Kin Fung Chiu Samuel Kai Wah Chu	2023	High School Students Middle School Students	32	Self-Report	Likert	Not reported	Affective learning (intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy/ confidence) Behavioral learning (behavioral commitment and collaboration) Cognitive learning (know and understand; apply, evaluate and create) Ethical learning	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Scale (AILS) Download Instrument ⤓	Bingcheng Wang Pei-Luen Patrick Rau Tianyi Yuan	2023	Adults / General Public	12	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	Awareness Use Evaluation Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Scale for Non-Experts (SNAIL) Download Instrument ⤓	Matthias Carl Laupichler Alexandra Aster Nicolas Haverkamp Tobias Raupach	2023	Adults / General Public	31	Self-Report	Likert	English German Russian	Technical understanding Critical appraisal Practical application	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Literacy Test (AILIT) Download Instrument ⤓	Marie Hornberger Arne Bewersdorff Claudia Nerdel	2023	University Students	31	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice Sorting	German	Recognizing AI Interdisciplinarity Understanding intelligence General vs. narrow AI strengths & weaknesses Representations Decision-making ML steps Human role in AI Programmability Data literacy Learning from data Critically interpreting data Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
AI Self-Efficacy Scale	Yu‑Yin Wang Yu‑Wei Chuang	2024	Adults / General Population	22	Self-Report	Likert	Cantonese	Assistance Anthropomorphic interaction Comfort with AI Technological skills	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale for Chinese College Students (AILS-CCS)	Shuai Ma Zhenzhen Chen	2025	University Students	15	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	Awareness Usage Evaluation Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale for Teachers (AILST)	Yimin Ning Wenjun Zhang Dengming Yao Bowen Fang Binyan Xu Tommy Tanu Wijaya	2025	Teachers	36	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	AI perception Knowledge and skills Applications and innovation Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Content-based AI Literacy Test for Middle and High School Students (Chiu et al.)	Thomas K.F. Chiu Yifan Chen King Woon Yau Ching-sing Chai Helen Meng Irwin King Savio Wong Yeung Yam	2024	High School Students Middle School Students	25	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice	Cantonese	Knowledge of AI Process in AI Impact of AI	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
L2 Writing-Student AI Literacy Scale (L2W-SAILS)	Linlin Xu Lu Zhang Ling Ou Di Wang	2025	University Students	22	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	Understanding Use Evaluation Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS)	Astrid Carolus Martin Koch Samantha Straka Marc Erich Latoschik Carolin Wienrich	2023	Adults / General Public	34	Self-Report	Likert	German	General AI literacy and 4 sub-constructs: Use & apply AI Know & understand AI Detect AI AI ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Not Reported
Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS) Shortened Version	Astrid Carolus Martin Koch Samantha Straka Marc Erich Latoschik Carolin Wienrich	2024	Teachers	10	Self-Report	Likert	German	Use & apply AI Know & understand AI Detect AI AI ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Short AI Literacy Test (AILIT-S)	Marie Hornberger Arne Bewersdorff Daniel S. Schiff Claudia Nerdel	2025	University Students	10	Content Assessment	Muiltiple Choice Sorting	English German	Recognizing AI Interdisciplinarity Understanding intelligence General vs. narrow AI’s strengths & weaknesses Representations Decision-making ML steps Human role in AI Programmability Data literacy Learning from data Critically interpreting data Ethics	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Untitled (Chai et al.)	Ching Sing Chai Pei-Yi Lin Morris Siu-Yung Jong Yun Dai Thomas K. F. Chiu Jianjun Qin	2021	Elementary School Students Middle School Students	4	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	AI literacy	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Untitled (Chung et al.)	Kimin Chung Soohwan Kim Yeonju Jang Seongyune Choi Hyeoncheol Kim	2024	University Students	24	Self-Report	Likert Open-Ended	Korean	AI readiness Confidence Anxiety Literacy Relevance	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Not Reported Reliability: Yes
Untitled (Hwang et al.)	Ha Sung Hwang Liu Cun Zhu Qin Cui	2023	Adults University Students	19	Self-Report	Likert	Korean	Critical understanding Artificial intelligence social impact recognition Artificial intelligence technology utilization Ethical behavior	Content Validity: Not Reported Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes
Untitled (Wen et al.)	Chien Wen (Tina) Yuan Hsin-yi Sandy Tsai Yu-Ting Chen	2024	Adults / General Public High School Students Middle School Students	24	Self-Report	Likert	Mandarin	AI features AI processing Algorithm influences User efficacy Ethical consideration Threat appraisal	Content Validity: Yes Congruent Validity: Yes Reliability: Yes